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Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas
Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas, or HERMIONE, is an international multidisciplinary project, started in April 2009, that studies deep-sea ecosystems.〔(HERMIONE website, http://www.eu-hermione.net/ )〕〔Weaver et al. (2009). ("The future of integrated deep-sea research in Europe: The HERMIONE project". ) ''Oceanography'' 22 (1), March 2009.〕 HERMIONE scientists study the distribution of hotspot ecosystems, how they function and how they interconnect, partially in the context of how these ecosystems are being affected by climate change〔Schloesser, Manfred (2009). (European deep-sea research: Climate changes and deep-sea ecosystems in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. ) ''Innovations Report'' (website).〕 and impacted by humans through fishing, resource extraction, seabed installations and pollution. Major aims of the project are to understand how humans are affecting the deep-sea environment and to provide policy makers with accurate scientific information, enabling effective management strategies to protect deep sea ecosystems.The HERMIONE project is funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme, and is the successor to the HERMES project, which concluded in March 2009.〔(HERMES website, http://www.eu-hermes.net/ )〕
== Introduction ==
Europe's deep-ocean margin, from the Arctic to the Iberian Margin, and across the Mediterranean to the Black Sea, spans a distance of over 15,000 km and hosts a number of diverse habitats and ecosystems. Deep water coral reefs, undersea mountains populated by a multitude of organisms, vast submarine canyon systems, and hydrothermal vents are some of the features contained therein.〔Schloesser, Manfred (2009). (Ausbrüche des Tiefsee-Schlammvulkans Haakon Mosby ) ("Outbreaks of the Deep Sea Mud Volcano Haakon Mosby"). ''Innovations Report'' (website).〕 The traditional view of the deep-sea realm as a hostile and barren place was discredited long ago, and scientists now know that much of Europe's deep sea is rich and diverse.〔Marum - Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften an der Universität Bremen (2009). (Erstmals lebende Tiefseeaustern im Mittelmeer entdeckt! ) ("For the First Time, Living Deep Sea Oysters Discovered in the Mediterranean!"). ''GMX'' (website).〕
However, the deep sea is increasingly threatened by humans: most of this deep-ocean frontier lies within Europe's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and has significant potential for the exploitation of biological, energy, and mineral resources. Research and exploration over the last two decades has shown clear signs of direct and indirect anthropogenic impacts in the deep sea, resulting from such activities as over-fishing,〔Bailey et al. (2009). ("Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the northeast Atlantic: a deeper reaching effect of fisheries?". ) ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'' 10.1098/rspb.2009.0098.〕 littering and pollution. This raises concerns because deep-sea processes and ecosystems are not only important for the marine web of life, but also fundamentally contribute to the global biogeochemical cycle.
Continuing with the knowledge obtained by the HERMES project (EC FP6), which contributed significantly to our understanding of deep-sea ecosystems,〔See for instance (the March 2009 issue of ''Oceanography'' ), dedicated to HERMES, with 16 articles on its contributions. (PDFs viewable at website.)〕 the HERMIONE project investigates ecosystems at critical sites on Europe's deep-ocean margin, aiming to make major advances in knowledge of their distribution and functioning, and their contribution to ecosystem goods and services. HERMIONE places special emphasis on human impact on the deep sea and on the translation of scientific information into science policy for the sustainable use of marine resources. To design and implement effective governance strategies and management plans to protect our deep seas for the future, understanding the extent, natural dynamics and interconnection of ocean ecosystems, and integrating socio-economic research with natural science, are important. To achieve this, HERMIONE uses a highly interdisciplinary and integrated approach, engaging experts in biology, ecology, biodiversity, oceanography, geology, sedimentology, geophysics and biogeochemistry, who will work alongside socio-economists and policy-makers.
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